Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Kate

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the leading health problems faced by women worldwide. It is estimated that about 40% of women (and 12% of men) will suffer at least one UTI in their lifetime and 20 to 30 percent of those who have had one will suffer recurrent bouts. Just as some people are more prone to colds than others, some people are more prone to UTIs. According to the National Institute of Health UTIs cause more than 8 million visits to health care providers each year.  Clearly, this is a real problem.

What causes a urinary tract infection? 

Normal urine has no bacteria in it, and the one-way flow helps prevent infections. However, large numbers of bacteria live in the rectal area and on the skin. Bacteria may get into the urine from the urethra and travel into the bladder causing a urinary tract infection. The bacteria may even travel up to the kidney. Kidney infection is much less common and much more serious than bladder infection.  But no matter how far they go, bacteria in the urinary tract can cause problems. 

What happens when you have a urinary tract infection?

When you have an infection the lining of the urethra and bladder become red and irritated (much like what happens to your sore throat when you get a cold).  This irritation can cause pain in the belly area and also in the pelvic area.  A UTI can also lead to a kidney infection which causes back pain and fever and can become a serious illness which needs to be treated at once in order to prevent a spread to the bloodstream, which can become life threatening.  (To learn more refer to the Urology Care Foundation at www.urologyhealth.org).

How is a urinary tract infection treated?

Treatment for UTIs is generally with antibiotics, of which there are several choices and your medical professional will determine which type to use and the length of the treatment necessary (generally three to five days). 

Some home remedies may or may not be helpful, but they include drinking plenty of water and avoiding spicy foods, coffee and alcohol, all of which can irritate the bladder.  There is also some indication that drinking cranberry juice may be helpful.  Use of a heating pad or hot water bottle on the abdomen may also ease the discomfort.

What are the pros and cons of antibiotic treatment of UTI?

The spiraling costs of antibiotic therapy, the appearance of multi-resistant bacteria and, more importantly for patients and clinicians, unsatisfactory therapeutic options in recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) calls for alternative and advanced medical solutions. So far, no effective means to successfully prevent painful and disabling RUTI has been found. Even though long-term oral antibiotic treatment has been used with some success as a therapeutic option, this is no longer guaranteed due to the development of bacterial resistance.  And, while long-term oral antibiotic treatment may help reduce the number of UTIs, it may also increase the risk of adverse effects, including digestive problems, rashes and vaginal fungal infections.

Are there healthy alternatives to prevent or treat UTIs?

A healthy alternative to preventing or treating urinary tract infections would avoid the selective development of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains while restoring a balanced microbial flora and enhancing the defense mechanism of the human body. 

The use of live microorganisms (probiotics) which are naturally hosted by the human body to prevent and treat recurrent complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is one promising alternative. Human normal bacterial flora is increasingly recognized as an important defense to infection. Since the advent of antibiotic treatment some 50 years ago, a clear relationship between antibiotic use and reduction in bad bacteria has become established.  But with the use of antibiotics the beneficial bacterial flora hosted by the human body is destroyed and bad bacteria are selectively enabled to overgrow on internal and external surfaces.

Since the benign bacterial flora is crucial for body function and overgrowth with harmful microorganisms leads to illness, the concept of supporting the human body’s normal flora with live microorganisms (probiotics) which confer a beneficial health effect is an important medical strategy. The evidence suggests that replenishing naturally occurring bacteria with probiotic products could help prevent the recurrence of urinary tract infections by keeping “bad” bacteria from growing in the vagina.  These probiotic products contain colonies of “good” bacteria that help maintain a healthy balance.  

Where can probiotics be found?

Probiotics are available in supplements and in fermented foods such as plain Greek yogurt, cheese, and a drink called kefir, or you can use probiotics capsules or powders. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 (previously called L. fermentum RC-14) seemed to be the most effective among the studied lactobacilli for the prevention of UTIs.

You can find Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 at Amazon.

SOURCE:  Borchert D, Sheridan L, Papatsoris A, et al. Prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection with probiotics: Review and research perspective. Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India. 2008;24(2):139-144.


 

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Propionibacterium acnes strain populations in the human skin microbiome associated with acne

Kate

The human skin microbiome plays important roles in skin health and disease. However, bacterial population structure and diversity at the strain level is poorly understood. We compared the skin microbiome at the strain level and genome level of Propionibacterium acnes, a dominant skin commensal, between 49 acne patients and 52 healthy individuals by sampling the pilosebaceous units on their noses. Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that while the relative abundances of P. acnes were similar, the strain population structures were significantly different in the two cohorts. Certain strains were highly associated with acne and other strains were enriched in healthy skin. By sequencing 66 previously unreported P. acnes strains and comparing 71 P. acnes genomes, we identified potential genetic determinants of various P. acnes strains in association with acne or health. Our analysis suggests that acquired DNA sequences and bacterial immune elements may play roles in determining virulence properties of P. acnes strains and some could be future targets for therapeutic interventions. This study demonstrates a previously unreported paradigm of commensal strain populations that could explain the pathogenesis of human diseases. It underscores the importance of strain level analysis of the human microbiome to define the role of commensals in health and disease.

The diversity of the human microbiota at the strain level and its association with human health and disease is largely unknown. However, many studies have shown that microbe-related human diseases are often caused by certain strains of a species, rather than the entire species being pathogenic. Examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Chambers and Deleo, 2009; Chen et al., 2010; Hansra and Shinkai) and Escherichia coli O157 (Chase-Topping et al., 2008; Tarr et al., 2005). Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is one of the most common skin diseases with a prevalence of up to 85% of teenagers and 11% of adults (White, 1998). Although the etiology and pathogenesis of acne are still unclear, microbial involvement is considered one of the main mechanisms contributing to the development of acne (Bojar and Holland, 2004; Cunliffe, 2002). In particular, Propionibacterium acnes has been hypothesized to be an important pathogenic factor (Webster, 1995). Antibiotic therapy targeting P. acnes has been a mainstay treatment for more than 30 years (Leyden, 2001). However, despite decades of study, it is still not clear how P. acnes contributes to acne pathogenesis while being a major commensal of the normal skin flora (Bek-Thomsen et al., 2008; Cogen et al., 2008; Costello et al., 2009; Dominguez-Bello et al., 2010; Fierer et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2007; Grice et al., 2009). Whether P. acnes protects the human skin as a commensal bacterium or functions as a pathogenic factor in acne, or both, remains to be elucidated. […]

Click here to view original web page at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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Sweat-eating bacteria may improve skin health

Kate

Bacteria that metabolize ammonia, a major component of sweat, may improve skin health and someday could be used for the treatment of skin disorders, such as acne or chronic wounds. In a study conducted by AOBiome LLC, human volunteers using the bacteria reported better skin condition and appearance compared with a placebo control group. The researchers presented the study results at the 5th ASM Conference on Beneficial Microbes in Washington, DC.

American Society for Microbiology. “Sweat-eating bacteria may improve skin health.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 September 2014. 

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Probiotics: Cure for Acne?

Kate

Your odds of having acne may depend on whether the “good” strain of a particular type of bacteria lives on your skin, a new study suggests.

“People never think of wanting to have good bacteria on their skin,” said lead author Huiying Li, an assistant professor of molecular and medical pharmacology at the University of California, Los Angeles. “But some of them you should love.” It’s the presence of acne-defeating bacteria that allows people without acne to live relatively pimple-free, she explained.

Li and her team studied the bacterial strains on people’s faces using genomic analysis of microbial DNA. They discovered that the bacteria responsible for acne — called Propionibacterium acnes or P. acnes — are more complex than previously understood.

When studied at the genomic level, bacteria with the same name were actually representative of three different strains. People with acne tend to have one or two of the strains associated with the condition, while those with healthy skin have a good strain that seems to destroy offending bacteria.

So whether or not you develop acne may be tied to what strain of P. acnes your skin carries.

The strain of P. acnes that is associated with healthy skin works much like the way live bacteria in yogurt help defend the intestines from harmful bacteria, Li said.

“Our next step will be to explore whether a probiotic cream might block bad bacteria from invading the skin, preventing pimples before they start,” Li said. She hopes to find a way to transplant the good strain of bacteria that is plentiful on the faces of people with healthy skin to those with acne.

Acne is the most common skin condition in the United States, affecting 40 to 50 million people — primarily teens and young adults — but it can strike at any age, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Li said archeological records show the disease goes back to ancient Egypt, where Pharaohs used magic and spells to try to treat the problem. Acne is typically treated with oral medications such as antibiotics, and topical creams that can help reduce oil on the skin and kill bacteria.

[…]

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